The double-sided civil law notion of obligation divides into créance on the active side and debt on the passive side. It encompasses claims pursued against a wide variety of debtors, whether arising on the basis of contract, tort, or statute. Debates on the date when an obligation might arise (for example, date of contract as contrasted with time of performance or moment of breach) rest on the assumption that an obligation comes into existence at one point in time, which mechanically triggers the same legal consequences for all kinds of obligation.

Throughout its history, the network of the Chambers of commerce and industry has demonstrated its capacity to support the enterprises and the economic development of territories. Aware of the profound changes of their environment, the Chambers of commerce have been part of an important reforming process for years, completed with the passage of the Act of July 23, 2010 regarding Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Trade, Crafts and Services.

The individual rights which were consecrated in France by the declarations of rights from the revolutionary era brought about all through Nineteenth century a body of law which aimed at organizing the legal exercise of these rights. Public law professors made an important effort at that time to theorize this novel body of law through books, scholarly reviews and teaching. It is striking thus to notice that very few memories were kept of this effort.

The issue of sanctions is critical when is opened the debate on the effectiveness of employee representation rules in the company. Aiming at protecting the core values of society, criminal law should be reserved for infringements of the prerogatives of employee representation bodies which are fundamental. For the rest , there are sanctions , administrative or civil, more effective. Still, the only restriction of the criminal field is not sufficient to guarantee the effectiveness of employee representation rules.

The expression "collective liberties", used until now to designate the liberties of the Second Generation, does not fully represent the content of those liberties. Those liberties are not the affirmation of the collective right over the individual right, but of the individual liberties becoming effective when applied collectively. To best feature their complexity, a new term should be proposed: social libertyIt is necessary, to justify this new term, to study the genesis of those liberties, through a legislative, jurisprudential, political and doctrinal analysis.

A dedicated three-step tax scheme has been designed for individuals holding assets with a latent capital gain; willing to reinvest their profits into other activities and reduce taxes on capital gains normally owed: Capital contribution of the assets held by this individual to a company in exchange of shares (Step 1), sales of those assets by the this company to a third-party (Step 2), relocation of the individual to another country (Step 3).

The international inheritance issues have recently gained importance in Russia, since the opening of the country and the liberalisation of private international exchanges. Indeed, since 1991, with the URSS disintegration, the Russian nationals began to have their borders open with the possibility to develop their trade in a global economy.

This is a study of Roman private law, more precisely of the role of will in Roman contract law. The question of voluntas is well-known among inheritance matters. But it seems not to be unknown in contract law as well. Indeed, will does not only concern consensual contracts. It clearly also occurs in real or formal contracts.This taking into account of will seems to be the result of Roman jurisprudence.

Whatever the future of the WTO may be, the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) as an inter-governmental dispute settlement system is a key institution for the evolution of International Law. Firstly, its compulsory jurisdiction contributes to the structural development of the international legal system by ensuring the centralization of the WTO Law application and a multilateral control on the Member States behaviours.

The crisis of asylum law within the European Union is currently the subject of recurring concerns. In addition to that, people who seek protection in the "area of freedom, security and justice" of the European Union, face another crisis, that of the right to asylum. Following this observation, it seems relevant to consider the rights of asylum seekers under the Common European Asylum System (CEAS).