The notion of filiation refers to the family relationship between a parent and a child, which place each one in a family lineage and identify him from the members of his family. Because of its universality, it seemed appropriate to examine how two different legal systems, such as those of civil law and common law, understood it. Referring intuitively to a genetic link between parent and child, the notion of filiation could be, at first sight, reduced to a physical aspect. However, the law recognizes that it covers other realities like social and emotional ones.

In order to regulate the international civil navigation (air and maritime), the States have chosen to act through two specialized United Nations agencies. Hence they confered the International Civil Aviaton Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) the power to oversee the elaboration of technical rules relevant to this field.In general, the rules adopted by these organizations require various forms of States acceptance to be effective (i.e. express or implied, collective or individual forms).

The obligation to cease a continuing wrongful act in international public law is, traditionally, conceived as a legal consequence of the international responsibility of the State, separate from the obligation to repair the injury caused by a wrongful act. In its 2001 project of codification of the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful act, the International Law Commission has formulated a rule linking the commission of a continuing wrongful act and the obligation to cease it.

If we stick to a formal vision, participation of the Council of State in making the law appears malrked by a remarquable permanence and stability since its inception in the year VIII. A closer examination reveals a more complex truth. Until its constitutionalization in the Fifth Republic, the participation of the Council of State in making the law was faced with the problem of legitimacy.

During the work of the International Law Commission regarding Unilateral Acts of States, the Special Rapporteur denied that State's silence could be qualified as a manifestation of its will. Nevertheless, no theoretical reason justifies this position. The study of the practice reveals moreover that, as the case may be, State's silence can be qualified as refusal or as acquiescence and that it plays a fundamental role in the formation, the interpretation or the modification of legal interstate relations.

French private international law doctrine classicaly defines judicial jurisdiction as the branch of law that deals with describing the hypothesis under which the State makes its courts available to claimants in international matters. This presentation, though, faces two contradicting evolutions in modern-day litigation of international business matters.

In the absence of enforcement mechanisms, an international decision is deemed binding and non-enforceable, and execution is generally perceived as a "post-adjudicative" phase, belonging to the State's imperium. Study of the supervision of execution of the judgments and decisions of the European and Inter-american Courts of Human Rights reveals that these basic assumptions can be challenged.

The geography of the Black Sea never was the most suitable to apply unconditionally the principle of free navigation. During centuries, it was, and still remains, under specific rules due to the particular strategic geopolitical importance of this region. So the navigation regime in this region is the adaptation of the principle of free navigation to it s specifics, which explains the almost permanent reviewing of the established regime.

There is a second family when a child cohabites daily or occasionally with the new couple formed by one of his parents. The contemporary era presents two conflicting trends. In these circumstances, traditional views see the growing bonds between the second family and the child as harmful to the later. On the contrary, a modern perception considers these bonds as a potential enrichment.

The specificity principle was introduced in the Civil code in 1804 to ensure the development of the modern economy. Then, it gained ground and became a fundamental principle of security law. However, at the end of the 20th century, it was violently criticized : it was accused to diffuse rigidity in security law and put a brake on credit.