The legal systems of today aredifferent than those that came into force 40 years ago. The assertion isapplicable particularly to the economic areas under that a kind of law, knownas regulatory systems.Indeed, a simple look at thecontemporary law shows first; a rise in new entities which have the power ofcreation, the monitoring and the application of law and second; the existenceof adjustments in the design and implementation of the standards that govern anactivity, the development of soft law, self-regulation and standards, amongother examples.

The legal status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was subject to controversy at the time it was adopted, has evolved since then. At the international level, the Universal Declaration has become part of the United Nations legal corpus and has been recognized as a binding instrument by publicists and judicial and quasi-judicial bodies. At the national level, it has been incorporated into many domestic legal systems following dynamics related to four trans-regional areas (Common Law, Latin America, Europe and Africa).

The notion of opposability, which appeared in French doctrine at the beginning of the last century, is of crucial importance today in relation to legal certainty. Thus, it is generally accepted in contemporary doctrine that such a concept explains the non-obligatory effects of contracts towards third parties and particularly in regard to responsibility. On the one hand, third parties must abstain from any act which may harm others' contracts.

International commercial arbitration is the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) the most used in the world. This Which contributes in particular to make the main actor of the diffusion of a-national rules as the general principles of law, usages of international trade, or the lex mercatoria, often chosen by the arbitrators as the law applicable to the substantive of the dispute. This choice was extended to the new rules developed by private international institutions such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts.

This study is primarily focused on the enforceability of arbitration agreements incorporated in contracts of carriage of goods by sea. First, we will cover the important issue of determining the law applicable to these arbitration agreements. Special attention will be given to how courts tend to implement general international arbitration principles to maritime disputes. An arbitration agreement incorporated in a contract of carriage of goods by sea should also be analyzed in light of the specificities of maritime transport law and applicable international shipping conventions.

Receivables constitute an excellent source of credit and security over receivables is available under French, English and Vietnamese law.

Reflecting on the concept of « good political regime » means reflecting on the best suited political organisation for the imperfect nature of man. This nature, combined with the contingency in which human action occurs, makes all tentative of perfect theoretical constructions illusionary. The « good political regime » is a fair regime and a moderate one oriented towards common good. But it is above all a government adapted to the community it intends to organise. Pragmatism and prudence are necessary in order to organise the most suitable constitution for the political community.

Nowadays in the society, the media are essential and very important for the activities of people. The media have developed with the evolution of social and economic systems as well as technological advancements.

Since the year 2000, the EU has tried to redefine its relationship with Africa. From a thematic standpoint, the Euro-African relationship now has a global dimension, covering traditional topics such as development and new topics such as conflict resolution and migration. From a geographical standpoint, the implementation of an EU-Africa strategic partnership illustrates a reconfiguration of the relationship between the two continents on a regional basis.

Migrations are a transnational phenomenon that its management has traditionally called attention from the destination states exercising its sovereignty. With the arrival of globalization, the migration perspective has changed. Migrations have an increasingly more important place in the government's agenda, which has understood that migration management needed the cooperation and the joint action at an international level.The governance of migration involves multiple challenges for the destination countries as well as the countries of origin and for the international community.